on Tools & Techniques

The Kaplan-Meier reliability estimator is the nonparametric, maximum likelihood estimator from right-censored, grouped lifetime data. It has been used since publication, most statistics programs do it, and it has been taught since I was in school. I give away a spreadsheet version. 

Lifetime data requires tracking individual subjects or units from their start to failure, death, or censoring. Data may be collected periodically grouped by cohorts: monthly sales, ships, or other collections of individuals, subjects, or units and each cohort’s lifetimes. Data could be displayed in a “Nevada” table with random cohorts in one column, and each cohort’s lifetimes grouped in periodic age-at-failure intervals in columns to the right [Schenkelberg].

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People claim poor correlation of predicted and observed MTBFs. That is understandable because handbook failure rates and fudge factors for quality and environment were derived from unknown populations or samples. People also claim there is no basis for applying statistics or probability to MTBF predictions. MTBF predictions use failure rate averages that lack statistical causation. Why not incorporate Paretos in MTBF predictions?

Paretos are fractions of equipment failures caused by each type of part or subsystem. They represent what really happens. Incorporating Paretos requires statistics to adjust MTBF predictions. That causes Paretos in MTBF predictions to match field Paretos. A 1992 ASQ Reliability Review article “MIL-HDBK-217G” proposed using observed Paretos to adjust handbook MTBF predictions with a “Reality” factor.

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Originally published in the ASQ Reliability Review, Vol. 12, No 3, June 1992

Insert these pages into your copy of MIL-HDBK-217. The boldface text is changed to MIL-HDBK-217E [1], section 5.2, on parts count reliability prediction. The changes explain how to use “Paretos,” proportions of parts failing in the field, to compute a reality factor that makes predicted Paretos match field Paretos. You can use field Paretos to calibrate predictions for new equipment. You probably have field Paretos on related parts used in your other equipment, which is now in the field. Remember, the field determines reliability.

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