on Tools & Techniques

In the last article, we learned how to determine which effects are statistically significant.  This is an important step to develop the predictive model(s) because only the statistically significant factors and interactions belong in the model.  If we include insignificant terms in the model, the predictive ability of the model will appear to be better than it really is and we will overstate the ability of our model to predict the response(s). [Read more…]

Introduction

In previous articles, we discussed the advantages that Xbar charts have over Individuals charts in detecting process shifts.  (See “How Should the Subgroup Size be Selected for an Xbar Chart (Part I)”)  We saw that charts of Individuals are ineffective at quickly detecting small process shifts (and detecting these small process changes may be critical!).

Charts of averages (Xbar) are superior because averaging the subgroup data gives us greater certainty as to where the process is actually running at a point in time.  Selecting an appropriate sample size on an Xbar chart allows us to align the statistical performance of the control chart with the desired practical process changes we’d like to detect.  That is, the sensitivity (ability to detect change) may be adjusted based on the sample size utilized.   [Read more…]

In the last article, we learned how to compute and graphically interpret both main effects and interaction effects.  Eventually, the statistically significant effects will be used to develop a predictive model.  But how do we determine which effects are statistically significant?

Conceptually, we first develop an “error” distribution that represents the distribution of Insignificant Effects.  If we have an idea of what the Insignificant Effects look like, we can determine which of the effects we compute look significant by comparison.   [Read more…]

Statistical Process Control (SPC) charts allow timely detection of assignable causes of process changes (e.g. shifts, trends, variation) so that root causes may be determined and corrective actions taken before product performance is adversely impacted.  Proper use of SPC identifies and eliminates “special cause” sources of variation.  To achieve desired process capability, sources of “common cause” variation may need to be identified as well, using tools such as Design of Experiments to develop process understanding and predictive models that explain the source of the unwanted variability.   [Read more…]

We are ready to learn how to analyze the data collected during the experiment.  This is the most exciting part of DOE!  We will cover the analysis in this article as well as the next several articles.

The following are the main steps to perform during the analysis:

• Calculate the Main Effects and Interaction Effects
• Test the Effects for Statistical Significance
• Interpret the Significant Effects (Often with Plots)
• Develop Predictive Model(s)
• Perform Model Validation (Residual Analysis)
• Find Solutions and Perform Optimization to find Best Solution(s)
• Validate the Solutions
• Determine if Follow-up Experimentation is Necessary

[Read more…]

When applied properly, SPC provides manufacturers a proven method to increase profitability and achieve a deeper understanding of their processes..  Additionally, SPC can prevent problems—saving companies money that would have been lost in scrap, rework, warranty, litigation, and market share decline.  A key factor in obtaining these SPC benefits is the proper deployment of control charts.  Correctly designed control charts identify significant changes to a process.  These can be changes that are still within specification, but are statistically different than where the process was previously running.  By identifying the changes, personnel can determine what caused the change and potentially improve the process or prevent the production of inferior products.   [Read more…]

In this week’s article entry, we discuss some guidelines for conducting an experiment.  As we discussed in an earlier post, planning the study is critical for a successful outcome.  A good plan makes the conduct of the study straightforward.

Below are some key aspects of conducting the study: [Read more…]